Various ways by which P. falciparum parasite evades the immune system via secreted extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.

Extracellular vesicles secreted by Brugia malayi microfilariae

Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles

Frontiers Host-parasite interactions during Plasmodium infection

Membranes, Free Full-Text

Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune

Immunity to Infection - ScienceDirect

Uncovering the Role of Erythrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Immunity to Infection - ScienceDirect

Membranes, Free Full-Text

Plasmodium falciparum infection reshapes the human microRNA

Plasmodium falciparum Protein Exported in Erythrocyte and

Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its